SER mitigates divergence by reordering threads, on the fly, across the GPU so that they can continue execution with increased coherence. Data divergence occurs when different threads access memory resources in patterns that are hard to cache. Execution divergence occurs when different threads execute different shaders or branches within a shader. SER helps to alleviate two types of divergence: execution divergence and data divergence. One way to mitigate this problem is to reduce the divergence affecting the GPU when executing shader code. With increasingly complex renderer implementations, more workloads are becoming limited by shader execution rather than the tracing of rays. Shading divergence is a long-standing problem in ray tracing. SER is a performance optimization that unlocks the potential for better ray and memory coherency in ray tracing shaders, and thus increased shading efficiency. These are points at which to intervene in a system that could lead to systemic transformation.NVIDIA recently introduced a new feature available in the next generation of GPUs called Shader Execution Reordering (SER). Consider the concept of entry, or “leverage” points.Does the iceberg model help broaden your perspective? If so, how might this new perspective be helpful?.QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER AFTER TRYING OUT THE ICEBERG MODEL It can also be useful to move up and down between levels as you think more about the event. Write the event (what is observable about the event) at the top of the blank iceberg below and work your way down through the patterns, underlying systems and mental models, adding as many as you can think of. Some examples include a recent hurricane, drought, or winter storm a controversial Supreme Court decision or a high profile court case a local policy change or contentious issue recent military action between nations or an issue you’ve personally encountered in the last few weeks. Select a recent event that strikes you as urgent, important or interesting. Take a look at the diagram below to see the Iceberg Model applied to an instance of catching a cold. Mental models that could be involved in us catching a cold could include: a belief that career is deeply important to our identity, that healthy food is too expensive, or that rest is for the unmotivated. These are the beliefs that we often learn subconsciously from our society or family and are likely unaware of. Mental models are the attitudes, beliefs, morals, expectations, and values that allow structures to continue functioning as they are. Ritual - habitual behaviors so ingrained that they are not conscious.Policies - like laws, regulations, and tax structures.Organizations - like corporations, governments, and schools.Physical things - like vending machines, roads, traffic lights or terrain.According to Professor John Gerber, structures can include the following: Increased stress at work due to the new promotion policy, the habit of eating poorly when under stress, or the inconvenient location of healthy food sources could all be structures at play in our catching a cold. When we ask, “What is causing the pattern we are observing?” the answer is usually some kind of structure. Observing patterns allows us to forecast and forestall events.īelow the pattern level lies the structure level. Similar events have been taking place over time - we may have been catching more colds when we haven’t been resting enough. If we look just below the event level, we often notice patterns.
While problems observed at the event level can often be addressed with a simple readjustment, the iceberg model pushes us not to assume that every issue can be solved by simply treating the symptom or adjusting at the event level. The event level is the level at which we typically perceive the world-for instance, waking up one morning to find we have caught a cold.
Global issues can be viewed in this same way. But that 90 percent is what the ocean currents act on, and what creates the iceberg’s behavior at its tip. We know that an iceberg has only 10 percent of its total mass above the water while 90 percent is underwater. One systems thinking model that is helpful for understanding global issues is the iceberg model. Rather than reacting to individual problems that arise, a systems thinker will ask about relationships to other activities within the system, look for patterns over time, and seek root causes. Systems thinking is a way of approaching problems that asks how various elements within a system - which could be an ecosystem, an organization, or something more dispersed such as a supply chain - influence one another.
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