The following table shows the rulers of Tikal: The first dynasty of rulers at Tikal started at around 90AD. When its northern neighboring cities El Mirador and Nakbe collapsed at around 100AD, Tikal started growing in importance. At that time, Tikal was still a small city.
The earliest large construction dates back to 400-300BC with the appearance of major pyramids and platforms. There is archeological evidence for agricultural use of this site dating back to 1,000BC.
Tikal is believed to have been most powerful from 200AD to 900AD when the city was the dominant religious, political, economical, and military force in the Maya kingdom. The population within a radius of 16 miles (25km) could have been as high as 425,000. At its peak, the population may have been as high as 90,000. 3,000 structures and covers an area of about 6 square miles (16km2). The name Tikal was given to the site after it was discovered in the 1840s and Tikal may mean "at the waterhole" after one of the waterholes here or "the place of the voices". It was likely called “Yax Mutal” or “Yax Mutul” with Yax meaning “first” and “Mutul” being the name of the kingdom. It does exactly what it means to do, describing and documenting the archaeological investigation of a key portion of the ancient Maya world.Tikal was the capital of one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya culture. Antiquity 'The whole book is impressive. ' achieves a balance of discussion and data providing a detailed yet accessible report on the archaeology of El Zotz and its significance in the region.' CHOICE 'An Inconstant Landscape will be exciting for a range of audiences, including specialists across archaeology, anthropology, and environmental studies, as well as anyone interested in understanding how societies operating at the periphery of power respond and adapt to diverse ecological, political, economic, and social factors over the long term.' ‘This book provides a vast wealth of detail.Highly recommended for archaeologists and Mayanists.’ Karl Taube, University of California, Riverside ‘This will be the authoritative volume concerning this region for many years to come and is an exemplary model for other regional investigations of the Maya Lowlands.’ David Freidel, Washington University in St. ‘This is a major, even brilliant, contribution.’ An Inconstant Landscape offers a comprehensive, multidisciplinary view of this important but under-studied site, an essential context for the study of the Classic Maya in Guatemala, and a premier reference on the subject of peripheral kingdoms at the height of Maya civilization.Ĭontributors: Timothy Beach, Nicholas Carter, Ewa Czapiewska-Halliday, Alyce de Carteret, William Delgado, Colin Doyle, James Doyle, Laura Gámez, Jose Luis Garrido López, Yeny Myshell Gutiérrez Castillo, Zachary Hruby, Melanie Kingsley, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Cassandra Mesick Braun, Sarah Newman, Rony Piedrasanta, Edwin Román, and Andrew K. The ever-changing, inconstant landscapes of peripheral kingdoms like El Zotz reveal much about their more dominant-and better known-neighbors. The first half of the volume contains a historical narrative of the cultural sequence of El Zotz, tracing the changes in occupation and landscape use across time the second half provides deep technical analyses of material evidence, including soils, ceramics, stone tools, and bone. Leading experts provide cutting-edge analysis in varied topics and detailed discussion of the development of this major site and the region more broadly. In this volume, contributors address the challenges faced by smaller polities on the peripheries of powerful kingdoms and ask how subordination was experienced and independent policy asserted.
Located between the renowned sites of Tikal and El Perú-Waka’, it existed as a small kingdom with powerful neighbors and serves today as a test-case of political debility and strength during the height of dynastic struggles among the Classic Maya. El Zotz was a dynastic seat of the Classic period in Guatemala. Presenting the results of six years of archaeological survey and excavation in and around the Maya kingdom of El Zotz, An Inconstant Landscape paints a complex picture of a dynamic landscape over the course of almost 2,000 years of occupation.
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